top of page

Introduction

Hebrew vs. Greek Thought is a cultural interpolation study that sheds light on how thought influences dispositions, particularly with an emphasis toward truth and faith. This study helps faithful believers understand the conflicts and resolution of concrete, abstract, absolute, and relative thinking, in order to conform to the mind of Christ.

Hebraic Concrete Thought

Hebrew is a Semitic language. All Semitic languages are driven by concrete thought, though they are not void of abstract thought. Concrete thought consists of several characteristics:

Physical & Functional

Expression of concrete thought uses words that are understood through physical senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound. 
Isaiah 1:30 KJV - "For ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water."
Expression of concrete thought uses words that describe an object by its function.
  • The head is first or lead, the tail is last or least.
Deuteronomy 28:44 KJV - "He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail."

Dynamic & Provoking

Something that is dynamic expresses motion. Verbs are always dynamic. Something that is static does not express motion. Nouns are commonly known to be static.
In concrete thought, nouns may also render a meaning of action; whether through the root or parent root of the word. 
Ecclesiastes 12:12 KJV - "And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh."
  • In Ecclesiastes 12:12, the Hebrew root definition for "Study" means to be eager.
Verbs often carry an implication of another verb; emphasizing the provocation to take action.
Deuteronomy 6:4 KJV - "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:"
  • In Deuteronomy 6:4 the Hebrew root definition for "Hear" means to hear intelligently. In Hebrew, the word is Shema.  In Hebraic culture, Shema, means to listen and obey.

Idioms & Analogies

Expression of concrete thought uses idiomatic phrases. Idioms are figures of speech that are commonly created and used within a culture.​

Psalm 73:9 KJV - "They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue walketh through the earth."
  • Psalm 73:9, "...their tongue walketh through the earth"  is a Hebrew idiom for arrogant ordering.

Expression of concrete thought uses analogies. An analogy is a comparison that joins two thoughts together by their similarities. 

Psalm 92:12 KJV - "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon."
  • Psalm 92:12, "shall flourish", is a Hebrew idiom for prosper; which is to advance, push forward, and become sucessful.

Literal & Direct

Concrete thought supposes that modes of expression are literal and direct.

​

That which is literal uses the original definition of words, as opposed to representing something else.

  • In Jeremiah 24:2-5, good figs are good figs and bad figs are evil figs.
Jeremiah 24:2-5  KJV - "2 One basket had very good figs, even like the figs that are first ripe: and the other basket had very naughty figs, which could not be eaten, they were so bad. 3 Then said the LORD unto me, What seest thou, Jeremiah? And I said, Figs; the good figs, very good; and the evil, very evil, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil." 
That which is direct expresses the similarities between two objects using their literal meaning. 
Jeremiah 24:5, 8-10  KJV - "5 Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Like these good figs, so will I acknowledge them that are carried away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans for their good. ... 8 And as the evil figs, which cannot be eaten, they are so evil; surely thus saith the LORD, So will I give Zedekiah the king of Judah, and his princes, and the residue of Jerusalem, that remain in this land, and them that dwell in the land of Egypt: 9 And I will deliver them to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth for their hurt, to be a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive them. 10 And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers."

Hebraic Absolute Thought

Hebraic concrete thought is synergistic with absolute thought. Absolute thought consists of several characteristics:

Factual

Absolute thought claims something is a fact with firm confidence that the fact is pure, sure, certain, and trustworthy.
Isaiah 45:6 KJV - "That they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else."
Something that has been declared a fact is sealed in the mind as established truth.
John 3:33 KJV - "He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true."

Perpetual

Something that is absolute, always exists, is always fact, always stable, unwavering, and eternal.
Malachi 3:6 KJV - "For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed."

Objective

Absolute thought holds that facts are independent to computation of the mind.
John 14:6 KJV - "Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me."

Uncompromising

Absolute thought strongly rejects any contradictory claims against what has been declared truth.
Luke 16:31 KJV - "And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead."

Dispositional Implications

Thinking that is primarily concrete and absolute has both positive and negative influences on a persons dispositions

Positively Committed

Concrete absolute thinkers will make resolutions and be committed to them.
Joshua 24:15 KJV - "And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD."

Positively Unwavering

Concrete absolute thinkers will not waver in what they put their trust in. Absolute focused minds tend to avoid deviation from the ways and rules they understand to be true.
Job 13:15 KJV - "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him: but I will maintain mine own ways before him."

Numbers 24:13 KJV - "If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak?"

Positively Dutiful

Concrete absolute thinkers are willfully obedient to physical duties.
Exodus 24:7 KJV - "And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people: and they said, All that the LORD hath said will we do, and be obedient."

Deuteronomy 6:24-25 KJV - "24 And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day. 25 And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us."

Negatively Hardened

Concrete absolute thinkers may look for physically observable proofs in order to accept something as fact.
Matthew 16:3-4 KJV - "3 And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the sky is red and lowring. O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times? 4 A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them, and departed." (also Matthew 12:39, Mark 8:12, Luke 11:29)

Mark 6:52 KJV - "For they considered not the miracle of the loaves: for their heart was hardened."

Mark 8:17 KJV - "And when Jesus knew it, he saith unto them, Why reason ye, because ye have no bread? perceive ye not yet, neither understand? have ye your heart yet hardened?"

John 12:40 KJV - "He hath blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them."

John 4:48 KJV - "Then said Jesus unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe."

Negatively Ignorant

Someone who predominantly thinks concretely will find it challenging to understand from the heart.
Matthew 13:13 KJV - "Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand."

Matthew 13:10-17 KJV - "10 And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in parables? 11 He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given. 12 For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath. 13 Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand. 14 And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive: 15 For this people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them. 16 But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your ears, for they hear. 17 For verily I say unto you, That many prophets and righteous men have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them."

Romans 10:3 KJV - "For they being ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto the righteousness of God."

Romans 11:25 KJV - "For I would not, brethren, that ye should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own conceits; that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in."

Negatively Earthly

Someone who predominantly thinks concretely will focus on the physical and find it hard to accept spiritual truths. 
Matthew 15:8 KJV - "This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with their lips; but their heart is far from me."

Matthew 23:23 KJV - "Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone."

John 3:12 KJV - "If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things?"

Romans 8:5 KJV - "For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit."

Colossians 2:20-22 KJV - "20 Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances, 21 (Touch not; taste not; handle not; 22 Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?"

Philippians 3:19 KJV - "Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.)"

 

Greek Abstract Thought

Parallel to concrete thought is abstract thought.  Non-Semitic languages, such as Greek, are predominantly abstract in nature, though they are not void of concrete thought. Abstract thought consists of several characteristics:

Psychological & Appearance

Expression of absolute thought uses words that are understood through the mind: imagination, emotion, feeling, academics, spirituality, etc.
 
Romans 7:22-23 KJV - "22 For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: 23 But I see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members."
Expression of absolute thought uses words that describe an object by its appearance: color, shape, measurements, etc.
Matthew 17:2 KJV - "And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light."

Analytical & Provoking

Expression of absolute thought is analytical: logical, investigative, philosophical, computational, etc.
Revelation 13:18 KJV - "Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six."
Expression of absolute thought uses words to provoke contemplation, consideration, computation, creativity, etc.
  • In Matthew 20:22, Disciples are provoked to contemplate the nature of the cup, the baptism, and their ability.
Matthew 20:22 KJV - "But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able."

Allegories & Metaphors

Expression of absolute thought uses allegories and metaphors:

Allegories use words as symbols to cloak the true meaning. 

  • Matthew 16:11 uses an analogy to refer to leaven as doctrine.
Matthew 16:11-12 KJV - "11 How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? 12 Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees."

Metaphors use words outside of their original meaning to represent something else.

  • Revelation 1:20 reveals the metaphors of the stars and golden candlesticks.
Revelation 1:20 KJV - "The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches."

Parables are metaphorical narratives.

  • In Matthew 13:31 Jesus likens the kingdom of God to a grain of mustard seed.
Matthew 13:31 KJV - "Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field:"

Distinguishing & Indirect

Abstract thought uses pattern recognition to distinguish similar characteristics of objects.

  • In Matthew 16:12, both leaven and doctrine are objects that spread and affect all that come into contact with it.

The distinguished characteristics are indirectly related to the original meaning of the word. 

  • In Matthew 16:12, leaven is indirectly related to doctrine.
Matthew 16:5-6, 11-12 KJV - "5 And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had forgotten to take bread. 6 Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. ... 11 How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? 12 Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees."
  • In Matthew 16:12, Jesus warned his disciples of the leaven of the Pharisees and Sadducees, his disciples supposed he was directly speaking of the leaven of bread of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.

Abstract English in the Scriptures

English scripture will use abstract words in place of concrete words to help the reader better understand.

Exodus 32:22 KJV - "And Aaron said, Let not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief."
Root Expression - "And Aaron said, Let not the nose of my ruler grow warmer: thou knowest the people, that they [are set] on bad."
  • Anger - אף awph: “nose” or "nostril" (breathing hard when angry flares the nostrils.)
  • Lord – אָדוֹן adon: "to rule"; "ruler"
  • Wax hot – חָרָה chara: "glow" or "grow warmer"
  • Mischief – רַע rah: "bad"; from רָעַע ra'a: to spoil (literally, by breaking to pieces)"

Greek Relative Thought

Greek abstract thought is synergistic with relative thought. Relative thought consists of several characteristics:

Relativity

Relative thought claims abstract facts are not absolute and anything claimed to be an absolute truth must be proven.
John 18:38 KJV - "Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all."

Transitory

Something that is relative, does not always exist, is wavering, uncertain, and indefinite.

Relative theories are only true until they are proven otherwise.
James 1:6 KJV - "But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed."
Hebrews 10:23 KJV - "Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering; (for he is faithful that promised;)"

Subjective

Relative thought is theoretical. Truths are dependent upon perspective, provability and quantifiability. 

Truths can exist with opposing truths.

Relative thought is finite: having limits and being subject to other factors.
Galatians 1:10 KJV - "For do I now persuade men, or God? or do I seek to please men? for if I yet pleased men, I should not be the servant of Christ."
Colossians 2:8 KJV - "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ."

Compromising

Relative thought promotes persuasion of the mind. Truths are negotiable and convincible through debate.  
Galatians 3:1-3 KJV - "1 O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? 2 This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? 3 Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?"

Dispositional Implications

Thinking that is primarily abstract and relative has both positive and negative influences on a persons dispositions

Positively Discerning

Abstract thinkers will exercise discernment.
John 1:47-51 KJV - "47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 48 Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee. 49 Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel. 50 Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things than these. 51 And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man."

Positively Reflective

Abstract thinkers will self reflect and compare ones character to standards of morality.
Luke 7:6-9 KJV - "6 Then Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord, trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter under my roof: 7 Wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come unto thee: but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed. 8 For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers, and I say unto one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it. 9 When Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned him about, and said unto the people that followed him, I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel."

Positively Persuadable

Abstract relative thinkers are persuadable to accept the truth. 
John 4:22-23, 25-26, 28-29 KJV - "22 Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. 23 But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. ... 25 The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. 26 Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he. ... 28 The woman then left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men, 29 Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ?"

Negatively  Insecure

Relative thinkers will lack an authoritative foundation for security and provision.
Matthew 6:28-32 KJV - "28 And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: 29 And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 30 Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith? 31 Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? 32 (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things."

Negatively Unstable

Relative abstract thinkers will be unstable in their ways and beliefs. 
Ephesians 4:14 KJV - "That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive;"

Relativity In Greek History & Culture

The arrival of the Hellenistic culture, during the reign of Alexandar the Great, brought with it abstract and relative thinking along with extensive polytheistic idolatry.  Protagoras, a well known philosopher influenced a man named Plato, who was a student of another well known philosopher named Socrates. Plato picked up several philosophies from Socrates, such as, "government must be just and should accommodate alternative views." Protagoras heavily influenced Plato in seeking the nature of truth. One of the well known interpretations of Protagoras' teachings came from Plato, who claimed that the statement, "Man is the measure of all things", means, "there is no objective truth. Whatever individuals deem to be true is true." Plato then taught, another well known philosopher, Aristotle and he also taught Alexander the Great.

This gave rise to Platonism (the philosophies of Plato), which tremendously influenced Greek thought. By the start of the first century A.D., Plato's philosophies had been around for well over three hundred years. Philosophers, Diogenes, and Epicurus, were also known during this time period.
 
There were a wide variety of beliefs at the time and both Rome and Greek took to their own mix of deities along side worldly philosophies, including:
 
  • Their gods had human like natures and could sin
  • Their gods would pour out wrath if they didn't receive what they wanted
  • Good luck meant their gods were happy and despair meant their gods were angry
  • Their gods enjoyed war, would engage in battle, and spontaneously change sides
  • Their gods would change their mind on what they wanted from people
  • New gods would be created for new areas of life or situations
  • Their gods were pleased by intellectual ability and physical strength
  • People looked for signs from their gods like omens (good or bad) to direct them


Many believed in moral relativism, some of which believed in moral diversity (that morals are relative to culture and society), and others believed in moral skepticism (that morals cannot be factual knowledge)

Nothing was absolute in the Greek mindset. Outside of governmental laws, whatever a person thought was right to believe, they followed after. Religious practices were accepted as so long as it did not disrupt civilian order or cause a threat to the empires regime.

Absolute Truth vs. Moral Diversity
In Scripture

Jesus was taken to Pilate (John 18:28-32). The Jews had accused him of being a malefactor (evil doer). The Jews did not specify what Jewish law Jesus was being accused of, nor did they accuse Jesus of breaking any government laws. Pilate then questions Jesus (John 18:33-38). Jesus speaks truth that challenges Pilate's thinking of relative truth and moral diversity,
v33 P: "Art thou the King of the Jews?"

v34 J: "Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it thee of me?"

(The belief that Jesus was King of the Jews was stated from someone. The relative implication is this: I have not said this of myself. Is this a belief that you conjured up in your mind? If so, it is truth to you. Is it a belief that someone else conjured up in their mind? If so, it is truth to them.)

v35 P: "Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done?"

(The relative implication is this: Pilate expresses that the moral truths of where Jesus comes from is what matters; as that is what he would be judged by. Pilot is asking, what have you done against the moral truths of your own nation, society, and culture you come from?)

v36 J: "My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence."

(Jesus proclaims that he is not under the moral truth of the Jewish nation. The moral truths of his nation, society, and culture (the Kingdom of God) are not those of this world. If they were his people would fight for him.)

v37 P: "Art thou a king then?"

v37 J: "Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice."

(The relative implication is: Jesus proceeds declares that there is and absolute truth and he is witness to it.)

v38 P: "What is truth?" "And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews"v38 P: "I find in him no fault at all."

(The relative implication is: Pilate had believed that moral truth was relative to cultural groups and yet judgment could not be carried out because under who's cultural group a person belongs to was also relative to him.)

Worship in Spirit & in Truth

The Hebrew people had both a concrete and absolute understanding of faith and truth, which meant it was something worthy to lean on. The Hebraic mindset of a faithful believer understood that absolute truth was God, came from God, and could not be relied upon to come from anything else. Mixed with concrete thinking, truly trusting in God naturally resulted in clinging to him for the right path, as well as, an abundant life, physical, mental, and spiritual safety, and sustainability; thus they sought God to guide them and teach them in order to obtain the end goal, which was to live a prosperous life and to create a foundation for a prosperous life for their children.

Historical accounts in the scriptures show many of the Hebrew people succumbing to the strength of their concrete thinking, resulting in a distant heart towards God. Likewise, their absolute thinking resulted in a hardened heart and a stiff-neck toward change.

Gentiles had both an abstract and relative understanding of faith and truth. The persuadable minds of the gentiles paired with hope, forgiveness, salvation from wrath, a guaranteed eternal heavenly afterlife, and other gifts of grace given by a one true never changing God, made conversion to the true faith highly desirable. The eyewitnesses of the death, burial, and resurrection and the witnessing of the outpouring of the holy spirit, were proofs enough to persuade many gentiles to accept the God of the Hebrew people. The weakness of Greek thought became the strength of conversion and spiritual worship. Having the right heart towards God propelled the spread of the gospel and expansion of the church. 

Historical accounts in the scripture reveals that many gentiles wrestled with their relative thoughts on matters of concrete worship, wavering of the mind, persuasion towards false doctrines, and the mixing in of pagan practices to name a few.

In conclusion, the gentiles understood the abstract understanding and right spirit of worship, but needed to apply the concrete and absolute truth of worship; whereas the Hebrew people understood well the concrete and absolute truth of worship but needed to apply the abstract understanding and spirit of worship.
John 4:23-24 KJV - "But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth."

Hebrew vs. Greek Thought
Concrete, Absolute, Abstract, & Relative

bottom of page